Cultivating a Jewish Eco- Education Framework: The Toronto Heschel School’s Teaching and Learning Garden
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40171Mots-clés :
Écologie juive, jardins scolaires, développement durableRésumé
Au cours du dernier siècle, les systèmes alimentaires mondiaux ont eu tendance à évoluer dans la direction d’une approche scientifique fondée sur un paradigme industriel dont les impacts écologiques néfastes sont bien documentés. En réponse à ce problème, les mouvements agricoles mondiaux, dont le mouvement agroécologique, ont cherché à intégrer la science contemporaine et les connaissances agricoles autochtones. En particulier, certains spécialistes du domaine de l’écologie juive croient que la Bible hébraïque puisse fournir, à son tour, un cadre théorique et pratique permettant de favoriser la réflexion et l’action eu égard aux problèmes liés au développement agroécologique durable. En milieu scolaire, les éducateurs tendent à enseigner l’écologie de manière concrète et dans un cadre intime, et ce en recourant à des programmes centrés sur les jardins pédagogiques. Dans le présent article, nous examinerons le cas de l’école Heschel de Toronto, une école juive canadienne qui a recours à un jardin pédagogique dans le but d’amener les élèves à poursuivre un apprentissage axé sur l’écologie et l’identité juive. En se basant sur des entrevues qualitatives réalisées avec deux éducateurs et cinq anciens élèves de l’école Heschel, notre étude mettra en évidence les similitudes et les différences principales entre le programme de jardin de l’école Heschel et les programmes des écoles laïques. À l’instar des jardins pédagogiques laïques, le programme de l’école Heschel propose des activités éducatives qui encouragent une forme d’apprentissage de type expérientiel et interdisciplinaire fondée sur des savoirs écologiques scientifiques (SES). Toutefois, le programme de l’école Heschel se distingue des programmes laïques en complétant et en approfondissant cet apprentissage en recourant à des savoirs écologiques traditionnels (SET) ancrés dans la tradition juive. Or, il semblerait que les résultats scolaires qui en découlent soient, à la fois, universellement applicables et spécifiquement pertinents eu égard à l’identité juive des apprenants visés.
Références
Altieri, Miguel A. 2004. "Linking Ecologists and Traditional Farmers in the Search for Sustainable Agriculture." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, no. 1 https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0035:LEATFI]2.0.CO;2
Anderson, E. N. 2014. Everyone Eats: Understanding Food and Culture. 2nd ed. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Beek, Kurt Alan Ver. 2002. "Spirituality: a Development Taboo." Development and Culture https://doi.org/10.3362/9780855986919.005
Berkes, Fikret, Carl Folke, and Madhav Gadgil. 1995. "Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Biodiversity, Resilience and https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0277-3_15
Sustainability." Biodiversity Conservation, 4. Stockholm: Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics.
Berkes, Fikret. 2012. Sacred Ecology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123843
Berlat, Norman, and Alena J. Strauss. 2006. "Engaging Eternity: A Jewish Approach to Death, Dying, Grief, and Bereavement."International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 44, no. 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2006.10708059
Blair, Dorothy. 2009. "The Child in the Garden: An Evaluative Review of the Benefits of School Gardening." The Journal of Environmental Education 40, no. 2 (Winter) https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.2.15-38
Blanchard, Tsvi. 1998. "Can Judaism Make Environmental Policy? Sacred and Secular Language in Jewish Ecology Discourse." In Judaism and Ecology: Created World and Revealed Word, edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chiappe, Marta B., and Comelia Butler Flora. 1998. "Gendered Elements of the Alternative Agriculture Paradigm." Rural Sociology 63, no. 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1998.tb00684.x
Cohen, Jeremy. 2001. "On Classical Judaism and Environmental Crisis." In Judaism and Environmental Ethics: A Reader, edited by Martin D. Yaffe. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Cooper, Levi. 2013. "The Assimilation of Tikkun Olam." Jewish Political Studies Review. 25, no. 3/4
Daberkow, Stan G., and Katherine H. Reichelderfer. 1988. "Low-Input Agriculture: Trends, Goals, and Prospects for Input Use." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, no. 5 https://doi.org/10.2307/1241756
Davis, Ellen F. 2009. Scripture, Culture, and Agriculture: An Agrarian Reading of the Bible. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815041
Dewalt, Billie. 1994. "Using Indigenous Knowledge to Improve Agriculture and Natural Resource Management." Human Organization 53, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.53.2.ku60563817m03n73
Ehrenfeld, David, and Phillip J. Bentley. 2001. "Judaism and the Practice of Environmental Stewardship." In Judaism and Environmental Ethics: A Reader, edited by Martin D. Yaffe. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Feir, Donna L. 2016. "The Intergenerational Effects of Residential Schools on Children's Educational Experiences in Ontario and Canada's Western Provinces." International Indigenous Policy Journal 7 no. 3 https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2016.7.3.5
Fink, Dan, and Ellen Bernstein. 2000. "Shabbat and the Sabbatical Year." In Ecology & the Jewish Spirit: Where Nature and the Sacred meet, edited by Ellen Bernstein. Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing.
Gaylie, Veronica. 2011. Roots and Research in Urban School Gardens. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
Graham, Heather, Deborah Lane Beall, Mary Lussier, Peggy Mclaughlin, and Sheri Zidenberg-Cherr. 2005. "Use of School Gardens in Academic Instruction." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 37, no. 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60269-8
Harris, Marvin. 1987. The Sacred Cow and the Abominable Pig: Riddles of Food and Culture, A Touchstone Book. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
Hazon, 2019. "The Jewish Lab for Sustainability." Accessed Sept. 5, 2018.
Higman, B. W. 2012. How Food Made History. 1st ed., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444344677
Hoffman, August John, ed. 2017. Creating a Transformational Community: The Fundamentals of Stewardship Activities. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Holt-Giménez, Eric and Miguel A. Altieri. 2013. "Agroecology, Food Sovereignty, and the New Green Revolution." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37, no. 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2013.809398
Horrigan, Leo, et al. 2002. "How Sustainable Agriculture Can Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture."Environmental Health Perspectives 110, no. 5 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110445
Jewell, James Ralph. 1906. "The Place of Nature Study, School Gardens, and Agriculture in Our School System." 1906. The Pedagogical Seminary 13, no. 3 (1906) https://doi.org/10.1080/08919402.1906.10534365
Jewish Farm School. n.d. "SustainableAgriculture Rooted in Jewish Traditions." Accessed Sept. 5, 2018.
Kaplan, Edward K. 2002. "Reverence and Responsibility: Abraham Joshua Heschel on Nature and Self." In Judaism and Ecology: Created World and Revealed Word, edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kass, Leon R. 2001. "Sanctified Eating." In Judaism and Environmental Ethics: A Reader, edited by Martin D. Yaffe. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Kimmerer, Robin Wall. 2012. "Searching for Synergy: Integrating Traditional and Scientific Ecological Knowledge in Environmental Science Education." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 2, no. 4 (Fall) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0091-y
Kirschenmann, Frederick L. 2005. "Spirituality in Agriculture." Leopold Center Conference Papers. 6.
Kraemer, David. 2002. "Jewish Death Practices: A Commentary on the Relationship of Humans to the Natural World." In Judaism and Ecology: Created World and Revealed Word, edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Krantz, David. 2016. "Shmita Revolution: The Reclamation and Reinvention of the Sabbatical Year." Religions 7, no. 8 (Summer) https://doi.org/10.3390/rel7080100
Krasny, Marianna E., and Keith Tidball, G. 2016. "Community Gardens as Contexts for Science, Stewardship, and Civic Action Learning." In Urban Horticulture: Ecology, Landscape, and Agriculture, edited by Janaki Blum. Oakville, ON: Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b21180-17
Levine, Ellen. 1997. "Jewish Views and Customs on Death." In Death and Bereavement across Cultures, edited by Colin Murray Parkes, Pittu Laungani, and Bill Young. London, UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Lin, Brenda B. et. al. 2012. "Effects of Industrial Agriculture on Climate Change and the Mitigation Potential of Small-Scale Agro-Ecological Farms." in Animal Science Reviews 2011, edited by Davic Hemming. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI International. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20116020
Mann, Thomas W. 2013. "Not by Word Alone: Food in the Hebrew Bible." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 67, no. 4 (Fall) https://doi.org/10.1177/0020964313495515
Martínez-Torres, María Elena, and Peter M. Rosset. 2010. "La Vía Campesina : The Birth and Evolution of a Transnational Social Movement. " The Journal of Peasant Studies 37, no. 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903498804
Mauro, Francesco, and Preston D. Hardison. 2000. "Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities: International Debate and Policy Initiatives." Ecological Applications 10, no. 5 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1263:TKOIAL]2.0.CO;2
Meyer-Rochow, Victor. 2009. "Food Taboos: Their Origins and Purposes." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5, no. 18 (June 29) https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-18
Mt. Pleasant, Jane, and Robert F. Burt. 2010. "Estimating Productivity of Traditional Iroquoian Cropping Systems from Field Experiments and Historical Literature." Journal of Ethnobiology 30, no. 1 https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-30.1.52
Northcott, Michael S. 2015. Place, Ecology and the Sacred: The Moral Geography of Sustainable Communities. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Ohly, Heather, Sarah Gentry, Rachel Wigglesworth, Alison Bethel, Rebecca Lovell, and Ruth Garside. 2016. "A Systematic Review of the Health and Well-being Impacts of School Gardening: Synthesis of Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence." BMC Public Health 16, no. 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2941-0
Ozer, Emily J. 2006. "The Effects of School Gardens on Students and Schools: Conceptualization and Considerations for Maximizing Healthy Development." Health Education & Behavior 34, no. 6 (December 21) https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198106289002
Pike, Kenneth L. 1967. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior. 2nd ed. The Hague, NT: Mouton & Co Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1037/14786-000
Pudup, Mary Beth. 2008. "It Takes a Garden: Cultivating Citizen-subjects in Organized Garden Projects." Geoforum 39, no. 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.06.012
Rosenthal, Gilbert S. "Tikkun Ha-Olam: The Metamorphosis of a Concept." The Journal of Religion 85, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/427314
Schorsch, Jonathan. 2018. "Cosmological Cultures as Forms of Resistance." The Food Movement, Culture, and Religion: a Tale of Pigs, Christians, Jews, and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71706-7_5
Schwartz, Eilon. 1998. "Response. Mastery and Stewardship, Wonder and Connectedness: A Typology of Relation to Nature in Jewish Text and Tradition." In Judaism and Ecology: Created World and Revealed Word, edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Segal, Elana. 2010. "Cultivating Learning in the Teaching Garden." Think: The Lola Stein Institute Journal 8 (Fall).
Silverstein, Shraga. n.d. "The Mishna with Obadiah Bartenura by Rabbi Shraga Silverstein. Mishnah Bava Kamma 7:7." Sefaria.org. Accessed Aug. 20, 2019.
Slow Food. 2015. "About Us." Accessed Sept. 5, 2018.
Swetlitz, Marc. 1998. "Living As If God Mattered: Heschel's View of Nature and Humanity." In Ecology and the Jewish Spirit, edited by Ellen Bernstein. Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing.
Thomas, David R. 2006. "A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data."American Journal of Evaluation 27, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). n.d. "About the Commission." Accessed Sept. 5, 2018.
Wheaton, Elaine, and Suren Kulshreshtha. 2017. "Environmental Sustainability of Agriculture Stressed by Changing Extremes of Drought and Excess Moisture: A Conceptual Review." Sustainability 9, no. 6 (June) https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060970
Williams, Dilafruz R., and P. Scott Dixon. 2013. "Impact of Garden-Based Learning on Academic Outcomes in Schools." Review of Educational Research 83, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313475824
Zhang, Chaochun, et al. 2014. "Root Foraging Elicits Niche Complementarity-Dependent Yield Advantage in the Ancient 'Three Sisters' (Maize/Bean/Squash) Polyculture." Annals of Botany 114, no. 8 (January) https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu191
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Versions
- 2021-05-14 (3)
- 2021-05-14 (2)
- 2020-06-13 (1)
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Canadian Jewish Studies/ Études juives canadiennes is a journal dedicated to the open exchange of information; therefore the author agrees that the work published in the journal be made available to the public under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerrcial-No Derivative Woks 4.0 Unported License. The publisher (Association for Canadian Jewish Studies / Association des études juives canadiennes) recognizes the author's intellectual property rights. The author grants the publisher first serial publication rights and the non-exclusive right to mount, preserve and distribute the intellectual property. The journal is digitized and published on the open access website http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cjs/index.
